SECTION D — ENGLISH (250-Word Essay Answers)
Q18. “His picking on the salt monopoly was another illustration of Gandhiji’s tactical wisdom.” Discuss the statement.
Answer (Approx. 250 words):
Gandhiji’s decision to challenge the British salt monopoly through the Salt Satyagraha in 1930 is widely regarded as a masterstroke of political strategy. Salt was a basic necessity used by all Indians regardless of caste, class, gender, or region. By selecting a common household item, Gandhi ensured that the issue would resonate emotionally with the poorest sections of society. The British tax on salt symbolized colonial exploitation, making it an ideal target for mass mobilization.
The 240-mile Dandi March that Gandhiji undertook with his followers attracted immense national and international attention. The act of making salt at Dandi was simple, non-violent, and symbolic, yet it directly defied British authority. This method showcased Gandhi’s ability to transform an everyday object into a powerful political weapon.
Through the movement, millions of Indians participated in protests, making it one of the largest civil disobedience campaigns in history. Women, students, peasants, and workers joined in, showing the widespread appeal of the cause. The movement exposed the moral weakness of the British government and strengthened India’s unity and determination.
Thus, Gandhiji’s choice of the salt monopoly reflected his deep understanding of mass psychology, symbolism, and the effectiveness of nonviolent protest. It demonstrated his tactical wisdom in turning a simple issue into a national movement.
Explanation:
Salt was relatable, symbolic, and suitable for mass participation, making it a tactically brilliant choice for civil disobedience.
OR
“It was the Rowlatt Satyagraha that made Gandhiji a truly national leader.” Discuss.
Answer (Approx. 250 words):
The Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919 was the first major nationwide movement led by Mahatma Gandhi, marking his transformation into a truly national leader. The Rowlatt Act allowed the British government to imprison individuals without trial, provoking widespread anger among Indians. Gandhi recognized that the Act violated civil liberties, and he responded by calling for a nationwide hartal and peaceful protest.
For the first time, people from all regions, religions, and social groups participated in a coordinated national movement. Massive demonstrations took place in Punjab, Bengal, Bombay, Delhi, and other regions. Indians realized that they could unite under a single cause, and Gandhi emerged as the moral voice of the nation.
Although the movement was suspended after violence erupted—most tragically during the Jallianwala Bagh massacre—it played a crucial role in shaping Gandhi’s image as a leader committed to non-violence and justice. It also revealed the brutality of British rule and strengthened the resolve for complete independence.
The Rowlatt Satyagraha demonstrated Gandhi’s ability to mobilize the masses and unite India through nonviolent action. It laid the foundation for all future national movements, including Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Quit India.
Thus, the movement marked Gandhi’s emergence as a national leader whose influence transcended regional boundaries.
Explanation:
It was the first all-India mass agitation under Gandhi, proving his leadership and unifying Indians.
Q19. Describe the main teachings of Jain philosophy.
Answer (Approx. 250 words):
Jain philosophy is based on the teachings of the Tirthankaras, especially Mahavira. Its central principles include ahimsa (non-violence), considered the highest moral value. Jains believe that all living beings, including insects and plants, have souls; therefore, causing harm is a sin. Another core teaching is anekantavada, the idea that truth has many perspectives and cannot be understood from a single viewpoint. This promotes tolerance, humility, and intellectual openness.
Jainism also emphasizes aparigraha (non-possessiveness), encouraging followers to limit desires and detach from material possessions to attain spiritual purity. Satya (truthfulness), asteya (non-stealing), and brahmacharya (celibacy or chastity) are additional vows guiding moral conduct.
Jain cosmology teaches that the universe is eternal and not created by a god. Liberation (moksha) is attained through self-discipline, meditation, right knowledge, right faith, and right conduct—together known as the Three Jewels (Ratnatraya). The path requires strict ethical living, penance, and compassion toward all beings.
Monks and nuns follow extremely rigorous practices, while householders observe simplified forms of these principles. The ultimate aim is to free the soul from karmic bondage and achieve eternal bliss.
Thus, Jain philosophy promotes a highly ethical, disciplined, and peaceful way of life centered on self-control and universal compassion.
Explanation:
Core Jain teachings include non-violence, multiple viewpoints, non-possessiveness, moral vows, and the path to liberation.
OR
How were the stupas discovered? Describe it.
Answer (Approx. 250 words):
Many ancient stupas of India were rediscovered during the 19th century when British archaeologists began systematic surveys. Initially, local people knew the mounds existed but were unaware of their historical significance. Archaeologists such as Alexander Cunningham identified these mounds as ancient Buddhist structures by studying inscriptions, sculptures, and Buddhist texts.
At sites like Sanchi, Bharhut, and Amaravati, excavations revealed railings, gateways, images of the Buddha, and donor inscriptions. These findings helped confirm that these were Buddhist stupas dating back centuries. Some stupas, such as the one at Sanchi, were preserved largely intact, while others had decayed into mere earthen mounds.
The discovery of relic caskets, coins, and carved stones further proved their religious and cultural importance. Scholars also compared architectural styles and iconography with historical accounts from travelers like Xuanzang and Fa Xian.
Thus, stupas were discovered through a combination of archaeological excavation, inscription study, and textual comparison. These discoveries played a crucial role in reconstructing early Buddhist history and understanding ancient Indian art and architecture.
Explanation:
Stupas were rediscovered through archaeological surveys, excavations, inscriptions, and comparison with Buddhist texts.