English Summary

Background of External Policy

After independence, India aimed to preserve sovereignty, avoid Cold War blocs, and focus on economic development. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru played a central role.

Principles of Foreign Policy

Non-Alignment: refusal to join US or Soviet blocs. Panchsheel (1954) with China: mutual respect, non-aggression, equality, non-interference, peaceful coexistence. Anti-colonialism: support for decolonisation in Asia & Africa.

Cold War and India

Adopted non-alignment but leaned on USSR for defence/industry. Mixed ties with USA: aid for agriculture, but disputes over Kashmir and nuclear policy. India co-founded NAM in 1961.

Relations with Neighbours

Pakistan: conflict over Kashmir, wars in 1947–48 and later. China: Panchsheel friendship, but 1962 Sino-Indian War. Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar: ties influenced by culture, ethnicity, and security.

India and the United Nations

Active in UN peacekeeping. Advocated disarmament and fair international order. Pushed for newly independent nations’ representation.

Achievements & Challenges

Achievements: independent stance, NAM leadership, peace advocacy, voice for developing nations. Challenges: China/Pakistan border issues, foreign aid dependence, balancing security with development.