Background

The Congress System dominated Indian politics after independence. Nehru’s death (1964) and Shastri’s short tenure (1964–66) weakened stability.

1967 Elections

Congress lost power in 9 states. Rise of regional parties and coalition politics challenged Congress dominance.

The Syndicate vs. Indira Gandhi

The Congress Syndicate (Kamaraj, Nijalingappa, Morarji Desai) sought control, while Indira Gandhi asserted independence.

Congress Split (1969)

Dispute over Presidential election led to Congress split into Congress (O) and Congress (R). Indira’s Congress (R) gained mass support.

Indira Gandhi’s Policies (1969–71)

Nationalisation of 14 banks, abolition of privy purses, and promotion of Green Revolution.

1971 Elections and Restoration

Indira’s slogan ‘Garibi Hatao‘ brought huge support. The Grand Alliance failed, and Congress (R) won a landslide.

1971 War and Bangladesh

India’s victory created Bangladesh. Indira Gandhi’s popularity and international image peaked.

Significance

End of one-party dominance, rise of competitive politics, charismatic leadership (Indira Gandhi), and growth of regional parties and coalitions.